ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026
A Wearable Acoustic-Bluetooth Dual Model Communication-Based Real-Time Heart Rate Monitoring and Ranging System for Swimmers.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Underwater communication devices typically suffer from large size and high power consumption, which pose significant challenges for real-time monitoring of swimmers' heart rate and distance. To tackle these challenges, this study successfully developed a wearable acoustic-Bluetooth dual model communication-based real-time heart rate monitoring and ranging system (WARM) for swimmers by implementing an integrated miniaturized acoustic transducer design, narrow-pulse OOK modulation, and acoustic multipath interference suppression techniques. The final self-developed system measures 47 mm × 36 mm × 18 mm and weighs 54 g. Six swimming volunteers were recruited to conduct underwater real-time heart rate monitoring and distance measurement experiments for performance evaluation of this self-developed system. Experimental results demonstrate that within an effective communication range of 2500 cm, the system achieved an average transmission power consumption of 52-58 mW, a frame loss rate of only 1.1%, and a mode-switching time of 1-2 s between the underwater acoustic and Bluetooth transmissions. In addition, the system enabled real-time heart rate monitoring and underwater ranging, with an average ranging error below 50 cm. These results verify the reliability and stability of the proposed system and provide a useful reference for the design and application of wearable underwater communication systems.
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