Simultaneous Determination of Aromatic Amines in Tattoo Ink by Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization (GC-EI)-Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Tandem MS (MS/MS).

Eunyoung Shin, Hyebeen Kim, Jihye Choi, Minjae Kang, Juhui Shin, Sangwon Cha

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Eunyoung ShinDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.

Hyebeen KimDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.

Jihye ChoiDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.

Minjae KangDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.

Juhui ShinDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.

Sangwon ChaDepartment of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-2819-3417

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea RS-2026-25477831

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aromatic amines (AAs) are potent carcinogens found in tattoo inks that pose significant health risks. Precise quantitative analysis is essential for safety. In this study, we developed and validated a robust method for the simultaneous quantification of 21 regulated AAs using both gas chromatography-electron ionization (GC-EI)-mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS). After optimizing separation conditions, MS-based selected ion monitoring (SIM) and MS/MS-based multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) were evaluated. While both methods were largely sufficient to ensure compliance with international safety thresholds, the MRM-based approach exhibited superior detection capability with comparable analytical accuracy and precision, providing a more effective tool for trace-level hazardous compound analysis. The developed MRM method was applied to eight commercial tattoo inks, identifying five AAs in five products. Notably,

Indexed as

AminesGas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryInkTandem Mass SpectrometryTattooingReproducibility of ResultsAminesaromatic aminesgas chromatographymass spectrometrytandem mass spectrometrytattoo inks

Identifiers

PMID42197175

DOI10.3390/molecules31101623

PMCPMC13209397

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