Application and Research Progress of Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development.

Yue Zhang, Yi Ru, Xiuping Li, Guanghua Wang, Yong Hu, Yingna Jian, Liqing Ma

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Yue ZhangQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Yi RuState Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.ORCID 0009-0007-9088-950X

Xiuping LiQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Guanghua WangQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Yong HuQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Yingna JianQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Liqing MaQinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Funding

China Agriculture Research System CARS-39-16

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This review systematically evaluates research on self-assembling protein nanoparticles (SPNPs)-based vaccine, focusing on three major categories: virus-like particles (VLPs), natural protein nanoparticles (e.g., ferritin and encapsulin), and computationally designed protein nanoparticles-with comparative analyses of their design strategies, immunogenicity, and applicability in next-generation vaccines. VLPs can elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses due to their virus-mimetic structures. Natural protein nanoparticles provide excellent biocompatibility and controllable self-assembly for multivalent antigen presentation. Artificially designed protein nanoparticles allow precise structural optimization to facilitate tailored antigen display and immune modulation. Overall, SPNPs constitute a versatile and powerful platform for vaccine development. By integrating natural and engineered design principles, they offer new opportunities for rational vaccine design and the development of safer and more effective immunization strategies.

Indexed as

NanoparticlesProteinsVaccine DevelopmentVaccinesVaccines, Virus-Like ParticleAnimalsFerritinsHumansNanovaccinesProtein Subunit VaccinesFerritinsNanovaccinesProteinsProtein Subunit VaccinesVaccinesVaccines, Virus-Like Particleartificially designed nanoparticlesferritinself-assembling protein nanoparticlesvaccine developmentvirus-like particles

Identifiers

PMID42196480

DOI10.3390/ijms27104503

PMCPMC13206781

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.