ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Study on the Hydration Kinetics Characteristics of Low-Calcium Cementitious Materials Based on Alkali-Activated CWM.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study systematically investigated the alkali activation behavior of construction waste micro-powder (CWM) to develop a low-carbon, high-performance cementitious material. The activator formulation was optimized, the hydration thermodynamics were analyzed, and a kinetics model was constructed to reveal the reaction mechanism. The composite activator (sodium silicate and Portland cement) exhibited a significant synergistic effect, outperforming single activators. The optimal ratio was determined: 40% CWM, 60% Portland cement, and 8% water glass (modulus 1.0), which balances the system's alkalinity and silicate modulus. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a notable net weight gain at 3 days, indicating an ongoing secondary hydration reaction. By 7 days, the main hydration was complete, accompanied by microstructural densification, which confirmed the efficiency of the composite activator. A key contribution was the successful application of the Krstulović-Dabić (KD) model to quantify the hydration mechanism. The hydration process evolved sequentially through nucleation and growth (NG, dominant before 0.05~0.15 h), phase boundary reaction (I), and diffusion (D). The period of 0.21-50 h was governed by both I and D, after which D became the sole rate-limiting step. The model yielded the rate constants (
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