ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2026
Atrophic Long-Bone Non-Union: Current Insights into Pathogenesis and Management-A Narrative Review.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
One of the complications of both surgical and non-surgical treatment of fractures is the development of non-union. The 5-10% incidence of non-union quoted in the international literature is thought to be an underestimate of the real magnitude of this clinical problem. The etiology of atrophic non-union is multifactorial, involving biological, mechanical, infectious, and host-related factors. Much of the evidence regarding its pathogenesis is heterogenous and largely hypothesis generating. This heterogenicity has contributed to the wide range of treatment strategies used to address an atrophic non-union, with variable success rates. This structured narrative review summarizes current insights into the pathogenesis of atrophic non-union, including the inflammatory and immune response, the role of mesenchymal stem cells, bone morphogenetic protein, and the mechanisms of remodeling and angiogenesis. It also outlines an algorithmic approach to management, including the exclusion of occult infection, assessment of mechanical stability, optimization of modifiable host factors, and, finally, a graded approach to enhance the biological and mechanical environment of the non-union.
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