Automatic Grade Classification in Prostate Histopathological Images Using EfficientNet and Ordinal Focal Loss.

The automatic classification of ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) grade groups in prostate histopathological images remains challenging due to the high similarity between adjacent classes, class imbalance, and label noise. In this work, we propose a deep learning pipeline based on EfficientNet convolutional neural networks combined with a hybrid loss function that integrates ordinal regression and Focal Loss to better capture the ordered nature of ISUP grades. A noise-filtering strategy based on the entropy of predictions from multiple EfficientNet models was first applied to identify and remove high-uncertainty samples from the training set. The problem was then reformulated as an ordinal regression task to explicitly model the hierarchical relationship among grades. Experiments conducted on the PANDA dataset demonstrate that removing noisy samples improved performance from κ=0.826 to κ=0.833. Incorporating ordinal loss further increased performance to κ=0.851. The best configuration, combining ordinal regression and Focal Loss, achieved κ=0.857 and an accuracy of 0.669, while reducing severe misclassifications and concentrating errors among adjacent classes. These results indicate that explicitly modeling ordinal structure and mitigating label noise are effective strategies for improving prostate cancer grading systems.