ArticleBiomolecules2026
Early Recurrence of HCC Is Driven by Inflammation-Related HIF-1α Independent Angiogenesis Rather than Hypoxia-Induced Immune Escape.
Article in Biomolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows a high rate of early recurrence after curative resection, indicating a critical contribution of tumor microenvironment-driven molecular mechanisms. Early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma is defined as recurrence within 6 months after curative resection, with a prevalence exceeding 30%. Hypoxia signaling and immune dysregulation have been implicated, yet their compartment-specific relevance remains unclear.
methodsThis multicenter nested case-control study included 49 HCC patients to evaluate associations between hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), CD4
resultsEarly recurrence occurred in 11 of 49 patients (22.4%) of Child-Pugh A patients. Recurrent tumors were characterized by elevated VEGF expression despite absent HIF-1α, alongside significant depletion of intratumoral TILs (HR 5.02; 95% CI 1.09-23.26), CD4
conclusionsEarly HCC recurrence shows HIF-1α-independent angiogenesis alongside spatial immune depletion, supporting integrated immune profiling over single angiogenic markers.
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