ArticleBMC oral health2026
Antimicrobial activity of Nd: YAG irradiation, laser activated photodynamic therapy and passive ultrasonic irrigation on enterococcus faecalis biofilms (an ex vivo study).
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Nd: YAG laser irradiation, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in comparison with conventional irrigation with Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. MATERIALS AND
methodsSixty-nine single rooted mandibular premolars were accessed and instrumented till master apical file #40/04. After sterilization of the teeth, the root canals were infected with E. faecalis for 3 weeks. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the method of disinfection (n=13 each): group I: irrigation with distilled water; group II: irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with side vented needle; group III: PUI activation for 2.5% NaOCl; group IV: Nd:YAG laser activation for 2.5% NaOCl , group V: aPDT with 0.01% methylene blue as the photosensitizer and laser irradiation (λ635nm, power 400mW, 5min). The four remaining teeth were used as control groups (n=2 each): negative control (without bacteria) and positive control (without treatment). Colony forming units (CFU) were then counted and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was performed to evaluate Enterococcus faecalis biofilm reduction. Results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Bonferroni‑adjusted pairwise comparisons.
resultsThe bacterial counts in the NaOCl needle irrigation, PUI, and Nd: YAG laser groups were significantly lower than those of the untreated positive control and distilled water groups. Furthermore, they were also significantly lower than those of the aPDT group which did not show any significant reduction in bacterial count compared to the positive control nor the distilled water groups.
conclusionAdjunctive irrigation using Nd:YAG laser and PUI increased bacterial reduction, however, they did not significantly enhance the antibacterial effects of NaOCl when used alone in this specific tooth model. Furthermore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with methylene blue failed to show any noticeable antimicrobial effects.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.