ArticleNature communications2026
An X-linked sex determination mechanism in cannabis and hop.
Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Balanced polymorphism in a floral transcription factor underlies the ancient rhythm of daily sex alternation in avocado.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Hermaphroditism inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sex-specific ethylene responses drive floral sexual plasticity in Cannabis sativa.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Guard Cell Metrics in Common and Japanese Hops from Wild, Feral, and Cultivated Backgrounds.microPublication biology · 2026Article
- Gibberellin pathway remodeling accompanies ethylene-driven sex reversal inFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Diversity of root system architecture and root-shoot biomass allocation in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.).PloS one · 2026Article
- Balanced polymorphism in a floral transcription factor underlies an ancient rhythm of daily sex alternation in avocado.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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32 authors.
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Abstract
Sex chromosomes in cannabis and hop were identified a century ago because of their obvious visible differences in size (heteromorphy). However, we know little about the genes they contain that control the development of the inflorescences. Here we assembled genomes, with phased sex chromosomes, for hop and cannabis. The XY chromosomes share an origin prior to the divergence between the genera around 36 MYA. Due to the inheritance patterns of the XYs, the male-specific region of the Y is highly-degenerated, with substantial gene loss, while the X shows faster rates of molecular evolution. Consistent with the hypothesis that these species lack an active-Y system, no clear sex-determining genes reside on the Y. Instead, an X-linked homolog of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), that is involved in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, determines the fate of the female inflorescence. Beyond sex determination, the sex chromosomes contribute to the sexual dimorphism in ecology and physiology and have played a role in the domestication and breeding of these species.
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