ArticleScientific reports2026
Integrating network pharmacology with ex-vivo analysis to assess the effect of IL-2 in halting breast cancer: involvement of Treg/CTLA-4/Blimp-1/caspase-3.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The T lymphocytes have a vital role in tumor immunosurveillance within the tumor microenvironment (TME) but on the other hand, the TME adopts several mechanisms that cause inhibition and apoptosis to effector T cells leading to tumor immune evasion. The controversial role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) was demonstrated by promoting the activation and proliferation of different immune cells such as NK cells, effector and regulatory T cells (T regs). Thus, ex-vivo approach was used to investigate IL-2 anti-tumor effect on breast cancer cells isolated from Egyptian patients after mastectomy via modulating Treg/CTLA-4/Blimp-1/caspase-3 trajectory. Previous to the ex-vivo approach we aimed to find common targets between IL-2 and breast cancer disease using network pharmacology. Results of network pharmacology illustrated that there were 35 common targets including CD4, CTLA-4 and caspase 3. Breast cancers cells obtained were then cultured in the presence of 10 µl of (50 ng/ml) recombinant IL-2 for 24 h. Results revealed that tissue culture supplementation with IL-2 significantly reduced T regs within the TME via inhibiting the tumor expression of CD25 and Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). In addition, it was found that IL-2 significantly decreased the expression of the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 and increased the expression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1(Blimp-1), leading to the activation of effector T cells and the induction apoptosis of the breast tumor cells. These findings suggest that IL-2 could serve as a new treatment strategy for breast cancer via modulating immune responses within the TME.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.