ArticleSpine deformity2026
Persian validation of the Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire-Deformity and the Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaire-Brace in adolescents with hyperkyphosis.
Article in Spine deformity, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeHyperkyphosis, which includes Scheuermann's and postural kyphosis, is a sagittal spinal deformity affecting adolescents' self-image, psychosocial well-being, and satisfaction with their spinal appearance. Non-surgical treatments, particularly bracing, aim to prevent curve progression but may also induce psychological stress, thereby impacting quality of life (QoL). This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Persian Bad Sobernheim Stress Questionnaires (P-BSSQ-Deformity and P-BSSQ-Brace) and measured stress levels in adolescents with hyperkyphosis who are undergoing brace treatment.
methodsEighty adolescents aged 10-18 years with thoracic kyphosis ≥ 45° participated in the study. The questionnaires were translated and culturally adapted according to established guidelines. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed utilizing Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients. Convergent validity was evaluated by comparing the P-BSSQ-Deformity and P-BSSQ-Brace with the Persian Italian Spine Youth Quality of Life Questionnaire (P-ISYQOL). Known-groups validity was assessed regarding the participants' gender and brace type.
resultsThe P-BSSQ-Deformity and P-BSSQ-Brace demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.70 and 0.73) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.88 and 0.79). Significant negative correlations with P-ISYQOL provided partial support for convergent validity, with stronger associations observed for brace-related stress. Known-groups analysis indicated that females reported higher psychological stress during brace use, while no significant differences were observed between the types of braces.
conclusionThe P-BSSQ-Deformity and P-BSSQ-Brace questionnaires demonstrate acceptable reliability and provide clinically meaningful, though preliminary, evidence of validity for evaluating stress related to hyperkyphosis and brace treatment in adolescents.
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