ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2026
Effect of breastfeeding on dietary patterns in early childhood: the CoAlHaS study.
Article in European journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThis study assessed the association between breastfeeding practices during the first year of life and later diet quality at ages 4 and 6 years, focusing on unprocessed/minimally processed foods (MPFs) and ultra-processed foods (UPFs).
methodsWe analyzed data from 574 children participating in the CoAlHaS study, a prospective birth cohort conducted in Santander, Spain. Breastfeeding status was recorded at 6 months (exclusive, mixed or infant formula), and at 12 months (continued breastfeeding or infant formula). Dietary intake at ages 4 and 6 years was assessed using the Food Propensity Questionnaire from the ENALIA study, developed for the Spanish population of children and adolescents. Foods were classified according to the NOVA system. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (OR) for high MPFs and UPFs intake (highest vs. lower tertiles), adjusting for sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle variables, and total energy intake.
resultsExclusive breastfeeding at 6 months was associated with higher odds of high MPFs intake at age 4 (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.14-4.34), but this was not significant at age 6 after adjustment. Conversely, exclusive breastfeeding consistently protected against high UPFs intake, remaining significant at age 6 (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.23-0.91) in fully adjusted models. Continued breastfeeding at 12 months showed a slightly weaker protective association at age 6 (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.31-0.97).
conclusionExclusive breastfeeding for 6 months may contribute to healthier dietary patterns in early childhood, particularly by reducing ultra-processed food consumption, with protective effects persisting until school age.
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