Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42191899›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026

Inspiratory muscle loading with dyspnea limits simulated driving performance in young adults.

Mary Frost, Jared So, Crystal Huang, Owen Kwok, Ryan Lui, Christopher Williams, Peter Rassam, Manjiri Kulkarni, Anson He, Dmitry Rozenberg and 1 more

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Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mary FrostDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4574-7511
Jared SoDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6109-0096
Crystal HuangDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6670-1678
Owen KwokDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Ryan LuiDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8074-6108
Christopher WilliamsDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Peter RassamDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2902-7955
Manjiri KulkarniDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3040-0884
Anson HeDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Dmitry RozenbergDepartment of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Respirology, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8786-9152
W Darlene ReidDepartment of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-8699

Funding

CIHR PJT183640Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Pettit Block Grant, RespirologyUniversity Health Network National Sanitarium Association Chair in Respiratory Rehabilitation Research
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeDyspnea is a neurophysiological experience that imposes cognitive load by activating cortical areas responsible for attention, emotional regulation, and motor planning. Consequently, it may compromise multi-tasking activities like driving. This study investigated whether inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) and associated dyspnea impairs simulated driving performance in young healthy adults.

methods28 healthy adults (mean age 24 ± 1 years) completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), and performed maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP) and spirometry. Using a repeated measures design, they completed 3 tasks in randomized and counterbalanced order: single-task ITL against a 20 cmH₂O load (ITL), single-task Driving (Drv), and dual-task Drv + ITL. Simulated driving was performed using a computer-based software where preplanned routes of comparable length and difficulty were provided. Driving error, dyspnea intensity (Borg Dyspnea Scale), ventilatory outcomes and affect (Self-Assessment Manikin [SAM]), and qualitative dyspnea descriptors were assessed at baseline and immediately after each task.

resultsTwo categories of driving error, vehicle control and signal infractions, were significantly higher during dual task Drv + ITL compared to single-task Drv (p ≤ 0.048). Tidal volume, respiratory rate and minute ventilation were more variable during Drv + ITL than ITL (p ≤ 0.010). SAM affective responses indicated significantly lower sense of control (p= 0.018) and greater chest pressure (p = 0.010) during Drv + ITL versus single-task Drv. Greater MIP (inspiratory muscle strength) was correlated with lower Borg Dyspnea scores during Drv + ITL (r=- 0.336, p = 0.040).

conclusionInspiratory muscle loading and associated dyspnea decreased sense of control and impaired simulated driving performance. Participants with higher inspiratory muscle strength experienced lower dyspnea intensity during dual task Drv + ITL.

Indexed as

Automobile DrivingDyspneaInhalationPsychomotor PerformanceRespiratory MusclesAdultDual-Task TestsFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultAutomobile drivingDistracted drivingDyspneaPsychomotor performanceRespiratory muscles

Identifiers

PMID42191899

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.