Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42189530›Full record

ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2026

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease burden, clinical characteristics, serotypes' distribution, immunization status and antimicrobial resistance: Evidence from 12-year hospital-based surveillance and cost analysis.

Riccardo Vecchio, Elizabeth Iskandar, Leandro Gentile, Paola Bertuccio, Laura Daprai, Patrizia Cambieri, Alba Muzzi, Silvia Deandrea, Simona Riboli, Lorella Cecconami and 3 more

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Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Riccardo VecchioDepartment of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Elizabeth IskandarDepartment of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Leandro GentileDepartment of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Paola BertuccioDepartment of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Laura DapraiMicrobiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Patrizia CambieriMicrobiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCSS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
Alba MuzziMedical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
Silvia DeandreaPrevention Department, Health Protection Agency, Pavia, Italy.
Simona RiboliPrevention Department, Health Protection Agency, Pavia, Italy.
Lorella CecconamiDirector General, Health Protection Agency, Pavia, Italy.
Danilo CeredaPrevention Unit, Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy.
Fausto BaldantiMicrobiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCSS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
Anna OdoneDepartment of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5657-9774

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate 12-y (2012-2024) burden, clinical and microbiological characteristics of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) at one large research hospital - IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo - in northern Italy, with focus on serotypes' distribution, resistance trends, and vaccination impact on outcomes and costs. The study included 234 IPD cases. Data were obtained from medical records, microbiological reports, and vaccination registries. Statistical analyses included descriptive measures, multivariate regression models for risk factors (adjusted for sex, age group, comorbidities), and comparison of length of stay and costs between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients. Most cases occurred in males aged ≥65. Bacteremia with pneumonia was the most frequent presentation (55.6%). Obesity and splenectomy were associated with higher risk of severe outcome. The most common serotypes overall were 3 and 8. Among vaccinated patients serotypes 15A, 14, 19A, and 15C were more frequent. Macrolide resistance was detected in 26.9% of isolates and beta-lactam resistance in 14.9%. Collectively, 34.5% of cases were caused by serotypes preventable with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 (PCV13), an additional 5.1% by PCV15, 21% by PCV20 and 14.4% by V116 preventable serotypes. Vaccine-preventable serotypes accounted for 64% of cases, mostly (56%) in patients aged ≥65. Vaccinated patients reported shorter hospital stay (median 8 vs 16 d) and lower associated costs (€3313 vs €5101). IPD surveillance is critical to inform prevention strategies. Our findings quantify how much vaccination reduces disease severity and healthcare costs but highlight gaps in vaccine coverage against emerging serotypes due to replacement mechanisms.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, BacterialPneumococcal InfectionsPneumococcal VaccinesStreptococcus pneumoniaeAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAnti-Bacterial AgentsChildChild, PreschoolCost of IllnessCosts and Cost AnalysisFemaleHospitalsHumansAnti-Bacterial AgentsPneumococcal Vaccinesantimicrobial resistanceclinical manifestationsepidemiologyhospital-based surveillanceInvasive Pneumococcal Diseaseserotype

Identifiers

PMID42189530
PMCPMC13215299

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.