ArticleJournal of materials science. Materials in medicine2026
PLA/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds fabricated by digital light processing for bone regeneration.
Article in Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration faces a major challenge: traditional therapies such as autografts and allografts are limited by donor site morbidity, restricted availability, and potential immune rejection. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop synthetic scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix while providing adequate mechanical, morphological, and biological properties to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In this study, polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HAp) scaffolds were designed using Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing technology, strategically integrating HAp nanoparticles (NPs) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 wt%. The scaffolds exhibited a biomimetic cylindrical architecture with interconnected square pores of 350 µm and a theoretical porosity of 78% calculated from the CAD models. Finite element analysis (FEM) revealed high structural stability under physiological loads, with maximum displacements of 3.09 × 10⁻² mm and stress levels well below the elastic limit of polylactic acid (PLA). Morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a progressive increase in surface roughness with higher HAp content, without agglomeration, as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. Cell viability studies using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts demonstrated a significant increase in metabolic activity, with the M4 (4%) and M5 (5%) samples reaching viabilities of 79.8% and 86.1%, respectively, classifying them as highly biocompatible according to ISO 10993-5. These results demonstrate that DLP printing enables the synthesis and design of PLA/HAp cellular scaffolds with precise geometry, excellent mechanical performance, and tunable bioactive properties, positioning them as a promising alternative for bone tissue engineering.
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