Case Report of Urethral Stenting in a Dog with Multifactorial Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction Associated with Suspected Transitional Cell Carcinoma and Severe Cystolithiasis.

A 14-year-old spayed female Maltese dog presented with hematuria, pollakiuria, decreased urine volume per voiding, and prolonged urination time, and was diagnosed with multifactorial urinary obstruction involving suspected trigonal neoplasia and extensive urolithiasis affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Diagnosis was based on serum biochemical analysis, radiography, and ultrasonography, which revealed diffuse urolithiasis, urethral involvement, and a trigonal mass consistent with a suspected neoplastic lesion. Due to the multifocal nature of obstruction, surgical management was considered impractical. The patient underwent urethral stent placement as a minimally invasive palliative intervention. Following the procedure, rapid restoration of urine flow was achieved, and significant improvement in renal parameters, including blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, was observed within 3 days. During follow-up, the stent remained well positioned without migration. Although transient deterioration, including hydronephrosis and increased renal parameters, was noted at day 52, subsequent improvement was observed by day 64, suggesting a dynamic course of obstruction. This case demonstrates that urethral stenting can be an effective treatment option for managing complex, multifactorial lower urinary tract obstruction in dogs, providing rapid clinical improvement and sustained urinary patency. However, progressive changes in the upper urinary tract may occur, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive evaluation and continuous monitoring.