ArticleVaccines2026
Screening Epitopes Through Comparative Analysis of Children and Mice Immune Responses to Pertussis Toxin Subunits (S1-S5) Induced by Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccination.
Article in Vaccines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Advances in Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPertussis toxin (Ptx) is a major virulence factor and protective antigen of
methodsTwo libraries of overlapping 14-mer peptides spanning the full-length Ptx sequence were synthesized. Sera from children and mice immunized with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine were analyzed to map antibody-binding regions. Comparative and structural analyses were performed to evaluate epitope distribution and recognition patterns.
resultsMurine sera recognized 12 major epitopes, whereas children's sera identified 24. Eleven epitopes were shared between species, mainly in subunits S1 (Ep3-5, 7, 9, 10), S3 (Ep20, 21, 25, 26), and S5 (Ep32), although minor positional shifts were observed. Eight epitopes were unique to children's sera, located in S1 (Ep1, 6, 8), S3 (Ep22-24), and S4 (Ep27, 29-30). In the S2 subunit, four distinct epitopes were identified for each species, while only one mouse-specific epitope was detected in S4 (Ep28). Structural analysis revealed non-uniform antibody recognition, with dominant targeting of S3 and conserved antigenic hotspots, as well as selective recognition of the catalytic S1 subunit. Fourteen novel epitopes were identified.
conclusionsThese findings highlight both shared and species-specific Ptx epitopes, revealing differences between murine and human immune responses. The identified conserved regions and novel epitopes provide a basis for improved pertussis vaccine design.
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