ArticleJournal of imaging2026
Beyond GLM: Inter-Subject Variability as a Complementary Approach to Detect Longitudinal Changes in Emotion Processing in Multiple Sclerosis.
Article in Journal of imaging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Understanding how to reliably capture neural changes induced by treatments in neurological patients remains a major methodological challenge. This issue is particularly evident in the emotional domain-frequently impaired in conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and a key target of rehabilitation-yet not limited to it. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies predominantly rely on group-level analyses (e.g., General Linear Model, GLM), which assume inter-subject homogeneity and treat inter-subject variability (ISV) as noise. Such assumptions may obscure treatment-related neuroplastic changes, especially in domains like emotion processing, where neural responses are intrinsically variable and highly individualized in clinical populations. This study investigates whether modeling ISV can better capture treatment-related neural changes, using emotion-focused rehabilitation as a representative case. We compared GLM with threshold-weighted overlap maps (OMth-w), which quantify spatial consistency across individuals. Thirty healthy controls (HCs) and thirteen people with MS (pwMS) undergoing EMDR for depression performed an emotional fMRI task (pwMS pre/post-treatment). GLM revealed no longitudinal effects, whereas OMth-w showed reduced variability in pwMS after treatment, alongside decreased depressive symptoms (
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