ReviewBiology2026
Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Cytokine Networks and Therapeutic Potential Across Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Regenerative Disorders.
Review in Biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Photoresponsive Granular Hydrogels Enable Spatiotemporal Control of Matrix Mechanics and MSC Behavior.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Advances in the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells for neurological disorders.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells characterized by their regenerative capacity and strong immunomodulatory properties. In recent years, MSC-based therapy has attracted significant attention as a potential treatment for a wide range of immune-mediated and degenerative diseases. The therapeutic effects of MSCs are primarily mediated through paracrine signaling and secretion of cytokines that regulate immune responses and promote tissue repair. This review focuses on five key cytokines involved in MSC immunomodulation: interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). These cytokines interact within a complex signaling network that allows MSCs to suppress excessive inflammation and restore immune balance. The role of MSC therapy is examined in several clinically relevant conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes mellitus, and female infertility. Across these diseases, MSCs demonstrate the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory immune cell activity, promote regulatory immune phenotypes, reduce oxidative stress, and stimulate regeneration through the secretion of growth factors and extracellular vesicles. Despite promising experimental and early clinical findings, several limitations remain, including variability in MSC sources, limited cell survival after transplantation, and the need for optimized dosing strategies. Overall, MSC therapy represents a multifunctional therapeutic approach combining immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and regenerative support. Further research is required to better understand cytokine interactions, improve standardization of MSC-based treatments, and enhance clinical efficacy across diverse pathological conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.