ArticleBiosensors2026
Label-Free Quantification of Bilirubin Using a Refractive Index-Insensitive Nanolaminate SERS Substrate.
Article in Biosensors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bilirubin is an important biomarker, where a small unbound fraction dissociated from albumin can cross the blood-brain barrier and induce neurotoxicity, such as kernicterus, at low nanomolar levels. Accurate detection of this low-level fraction remains challenging. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enables label-free molecular detection; however, variations in the local refractive index (RI) at plasmonic hotspots can detune the resonance from the excitation wavelength, leading to signal fluctuations and limited quantitative reliability. Here, we present a multi-resonant nanolaminate SERS substrate designed to achieve RI-insensitive and robust signal enhancement. The vertically stacked metal-insulator-metal architecture provides broadband spectral overlap with both excitation and Raman scattering under dielectric loading, maintaining consistent enhancement across varying RI conditions. We demonstrate label-free bilirubin detection with a highly linear response over 10
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