DNA Origami and Their Application in Biosensors.

Biosensors have evolved significantly since their invention in the mid-twentieth century. From a simple electrochemical device to the current inclusion of AI, these sophisticated tools are capable of label-free, real-time multiplex detection. To make these sensing systems even more powerful, the incorporation of DNA origami has allowed this technology to become extremely precise, recognisable, and programmable to a range of molecules. This paper systematically summarises the incorporation of DNA origami with biosensors such as fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrochemical sensors as well as approaches that are used to design DNA origami nanostructures. These tools allow a range of targets to be detected, ranging from small molecules to larger biological species. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that DNA origami-based biosensors provide high sensitivity; precise spatial control; and rapid, modular detection capabilities. Furthermore, their versatility enables applications across a diverse range of sectors. However, key challenges including limited reproducibility, structural instability, photobleaching, and non-specific binding continue to hinder their widespread adoption. This review proposes future directions aimed at overcoming key limitations, including enhancing biocompatibility and structural stability, to support the development of more advanced and clinical point-of-care-applicable biosensors.