ArticleBiomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Comparative Study on the Surface Properties of Synthetic Carbonated Hydroxyapatite and Natural Hydroxyapatite Before and After Contact with Solutions with de- and Remineralization Activity.
Article in Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Understanding the differences between synthetic and natural hydroxyapatite under conditions that mimic the oral environment, particularly the demineralization and remineralization processes of dental enamel, is essential for assessing their suitability as enamel models in biomineralization studies. The present study aims to systematically compare the structural, chemical, and morphological properties of well-crystallized synthetic carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) and natural non-biogenic hydroxyapatite (HA) before and after exposure to solutions with demineralizing and remineralizing activity. Two highly informative surface characterization techniques-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-were employed to examine the resulting surface changes. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction and infrared analyses were used to characterize the initial samples. Demineralization was induced using a lactic acid-based solution, while remineralization was performed through a two-step treatment involving polycarboxybetaine followed by artificial saliva. The results show that natural HA contains an additional fluorapatite phase and a wider range of trace elements (Na, F, Si), leading to a more complex structure. During demineralization, synthetic CHA exhibits more pronounced surface changes and faster dissolution, whereas natural HA demonstrates greater chemical stability. The remineralization process leads to the formation of new surface layers on both materials. Synthetic CHA develops a fine-grained, homogeneous layer enriched in carbonate and hydrated species, while natural HA shows localized crystal growth within structural defects. The results demonstrate that natural HA exhibits greater chemical stability during demineralization and a more enamel-like response during remineralization, whereas synthetic CHA undergoes more pronounced surface restructuring and forms a highly hydrated, carbonate-rich surface layer.
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