ArticleRegenerative biomaterials2026
Bone regenerative efficacy of binder-jet fabricated hydroxyapatite granules with and without biomimetic octacalcium phosphate-coated modification in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model.
Article in Regenerative biomaterials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Bone substitutes fabricated via additive manufacturing offer promising solutions for bone grafting. This study investigated the bone regeneration potential of binder-jet fabricated hydroxyapatite (HA) and biomimetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP)-coated binder-jet fabricated HA (HA-B) granules in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. Bone graft in the form of granules was produced via binder jet 3D printing combined with a phase transformation process and implanted into 5 mm defects for 4 and 12 weeks, with empty defects as controls. New bone formation, mechanical integration and cellular responses were assessed using micro-computed tomography, histology, histomorphometry, push-out testing and immunohistochemistry. Both HA and HA-B supported bone formation without local or systemic adverse effects. Osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte counts indicated active remodeling in bone graft implanted groups. Micro-CT showed significantly higher bone volume in HA-B than HA and Empty at 12 weeks, while histomorphometry showed differences only between HA-B and Empty. HA-B also exhibited the highest push-out force, indicating superior mechanical integration. These results demonstrate that binder-jet fabricated HA and OCP-coated HA granules are safe, osteoconductive, and effective for bone repair, with OCP coating further enhancing bone formation and material-host integration.
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