Trial reportBMC medical education2026
The educational effectiveness in flexible bronchoscopic intubation training using three-dimensional printed difficult airway models for anaesthesia residents: a single centre randomised controlled study.
Trial report in BMC medical education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFlexible bronchoscopic intubation (FBI) is a vital skill for anaesthesiologists managing difficult airways. Traditional training models often fail to replicate real difficult airway scenarios, limiting their educational value. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) printed difficult airway models, developed from patient CT/MRI images, in improving FBI skills among anaesthesia residents compared to conventional manikin models.
methodsTwenty-eight anaesthesia residents were randomised equally into the 3D-printed model group and the AirSim manikin group. Each resident received a standardised lecture, followed by FBI training using their assigned model and then a crossover with the alternate model. Educational effectiveness was assessed using a global rating scale, performance on the ORSIM simulator scenarios, and a trainee-reported questionnaire measuring suitability, realism, and educational effectiveness.
resultsThe global rating scales of operative performance and FBI time improved significantly after training in both groups. The post-training performance on the ORSIM simulator did not differ significantly between both groups. Compared with the AirSim manikin model, the 3D-printed model had a higher trainee-reported educational effectiveness (8.6 ± 1.0 vs. 7.9 ± 1.0; p = 0.050). Exploratory post-hoc analyses suggested that prior FBI experience modified the training response.
conclusionsBoth 3D-printed difficult airway models and conventional manikins were associated with improvement in FBI performance, with no statistically significant between-group differences in objective skill-acquisition outcomes. Trainees perceived the 3D-printed model as more educationally effective.
trial registrationNot applicable. The study was launched based on simulation models and without enrollment of patients nor animals; hence the protocol registration number was not attributed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.