SynthesisBMC psychiatry2026
Stereopsis deficits in schizophrenia: a systematic review with exploratory meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEarly sensory processing abnormalities are increasingly recognized as core features of schizophrenia. While impairments in contrast sensitivity, color vision and visual integration are well established, stereopsis (depth perception) has received limited systematic evaluation. This study systematically reviews and synthesizes available evidence on stereopsis deficits in schizophrenia, combining narrative synthesis of all eligible studies with an exploratory meta-analysis of studies reporting sufficiently comparable quantitative data.
methodsThis review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251065135). PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched, alongside Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov.in, from inception to 16 April 2026. Studies were imported to Rayyan for screening. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. Random-effects meta-analysis pooled standardized mean differences in stereopsis thresholds. Studies unsuitable for pooling were narratively synthesized.
resultsThis systematic review included six studies that assessed stereopsis in individuals with schizophrenia (n = 200) and compared with healthy controls (n = 167). Reduced stereopsis was reported across the included studies. Four studies were eligible for exploratory quantitative synthesis. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD = 0.824, 95% CI: 0.605 to 1.043) suggested poorer stereopsis performance in schizophrenia. The heterogeneity was low to moderate (I
conclusionsThis systematic review suggests that currently available studies generally report reduced stereopsis in individuals with schizophrenia. The exploratory meta-analysis, based on only four studies, provides preliminary quantitative support but is insufficient for definitive inference. Larger, methodologically harmonized studies are needed. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.