ArticleInflammopharmacology2026
Kaempferol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles attenuate cartilage degradation and inflammation by modulating the expression of pro and inflammatory cytokines, MMP-13 and oxidative stress markers in adjuvant induced arthritic rats.
Article in Inflammopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and progressive joint damage. Although kaempferol exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, its therapeutic application is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to develop kaempferol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (K-SLNs) and evaluate their anti-arthritic potential in Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rats. The optimized K-SLNs showed a mean particle size of 95.08 nm and a zeta potential of - 26.9 mV, indicating good colloidal stability. SEM revealed uniform, slightly angular, elongated and sub-spherical geometry, while FTIR confirmed successful encapsulation of kaempferol. K-SLNs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with a total phenolic content of 99.0 ± 1.25 and enhanced DPPH scavenging (84.20 ± 0.46%) activity compared to pure kaempferol (58.00 ± 0.60%). In vitro anti-inflammatory assays showed strong membrane stabilization (85.23 ± 1.12%), BSA inhibition (83.70 ± 0.56%), and egg albumin inhibition (86.17 ± 0.65%). In vivo, the K-SLNs (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw swelling (4.85 ± 0.01 mm) and arthritic score (0.90 ± 0.12) by day 35, comparable to methotrexate, and lowered serum RF to 41.06 ± 2.02 IU/mL and ESR to 5.07 ± 0.08 mm/h. Oxidative stress and organ injury were markedly attenuated, with restoration of SOD (9.20 ± 0.08 U/mL) and reduction of MDA (3.05 ± 0.04 nmol/mL). qRT-PCR showed downregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-13, IL-17A, and IL-33 with upregulation of IL-4 and IL-10. Histopathology confirmed near-normal joint and organ architecture. Overall, K-SLNs demonstrated superior anti-arthritic efficacy compared to free kaempferol by effectively modulating inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and cartilage-degrading enzymes, highlighting their potential as an advanced nanotherapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis. These findings indicate that K-SLNs significantly enhance kaempferol's efficacy while showing outcomes comparable to methotrexate, suggesting potential for reduced treatment-associated toxicity.
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