ArticleEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2026
A combined approach using environmental yeasts and microbial indicators to assess aquatic pollution.
Article in Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Aquatic environments receiving anthropogenic inputs can act as reservoirs for opportunistic microorganisms and antifungal resistance, representing a potential environmental and public health concern. This study evaluated microbial contamination and antifungal susceptibility patterns in surface waters along a rural-urban gradient in a subtropical watershed using an integrated environmental monitoring approach. Physicochemical parameters and conventional microbial (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and heterotrophic bacteria) were quantified, and yeast abundance was determined using CHROMagar™ Candida. A total of 327 yeast isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to itraconazole (ITZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) using the CLSI M27-A4 broth microdilution method. Urban sites exhibited markedly higher microbial contamination compared with rural areas, with Enterococcus spp. reaching 36,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 ml and E. coli 19,863 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml. Yeast densities reached up to 351 CFU/100 ml in urban samples, exceeding concentrations typically reported for oligotrophic aquatic systems. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed a high frequency of resistance among environmental isolates, ITZ (44.3%) compared with FCZ (24.46%). Statistical analyses indicated no significant spatial or seasonal differences in resistance patterns (p > 0.05), whereas resistance to ITZ was significantly higher than to FCZ (p < 0.001). The results indicate that anthropogenic pressure in urbanized watersheds may contribute to increased microbial contamination and the occurrence of antifungal-resistant yeasts in surface waters. This suggests a potential environmental pathway for the dissemination of resistance traits. The integration of conventional microbial indicators, environmental yeast monitoring, and antifungal susceptibility profiling provides a practical framework for environmental surveillance.
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