ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Translational and Implementation Barrier in the Management of Biliary Tract Cancer: Diagnostic, Molecular, Therapeutic, and Patient-Centered Challenges.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rising global incidence and dismal prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) underscore the profound limitations of standard therapies. While chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based cellular immunotherapies represent a paradigm shift in oncology, their success in CCA is fundamentally constrained by a desmoplastic, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and significant tumour antigen heterogeneity. This review advances the thesis that overcoming these barriers requires an integrated approach combining multi-antigen, armoured CAR designs with rational adjuvant strategies (i.e combination therapy). We provide a comparative analysis of key tumour-associated antigens (TAAs)-including MUC1, c-MET, and the cancer stem cell marker CD133-evaluating their expression profiles, preclinical efficacy, and clinical status. The review further deconstructs the core mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in CCA-spanning physical, immunological, and metabolic barriers-and map them to next-generation engineering strategies designed to counteract them. In a novel synthesis, we explore the synergistic potential of combining CAR therapies with checkpoint inhibitors and immunomodulatory natural compounds. Critically appraising the current clinical trial landscape, we identify key weaknesses and propose strategic recommendations for biomarker-driven, adaptive trial designs. Finally, we present a forward-looking, four-pillar roadmap for future research, positioning the integration of advanced CAR engineering, multi-antigen platforms, synergistic adjuvants, and alternative effectors as the definitive research agenda for translating the promise of cellular immunotherapy into a clinical reality for CCA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.