ReviewMaterials today. Bio2026
Modular design for drug delivery across hierarchical gastrointestinal barriers: From materials to systems.
Review in Materials today. Bio, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Probiotics and Extracellular Vesicles as Redox Modulators in Wound Healing: From Microbial Therapeutics to Engineered Nanotherapeutic Strategies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug delivery to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract necessitates overcoming multi-level physiological barriers from organ to cellular levels, which exhibit significant heterogeneity under pathological conditions. Conventional delivery strategies, constrained by single-function capabilities, struggle to achieve cross-scale coordination, severely limiting therapeutic efficacy. Modular design (MD) offers an innovative approach to synergistically breaching multiple barriers by decoupling complex functions into standardized units and enabling intelligent assembly. This review systematically analyzes the characteristics and delivery challenges of each barrier level within the GI tract, establishing a materials library that encompasses functional modules for organ-level regulation, mucosal penetration, cellular delivery, and environmental responsiveness. Utilizing GI inflammation and infection as exemplars, the text goes on to highlight the mechanisms and applications of modular assembly strategies in achieving breakthroughs in organ-mucosa, organ-cell, and full-layer barrier technologies. Additionally, it assesses the challenges and prospects for clinical translation. This paper aims to provide design strategies for developing next-generation intelligent oral delivery systems capable of spatiotemporal programming and dynamic response to the multi-level barriers and pathological microenvironments of the digestive tract. This should drive a paradigm shift towards precise drug delivery within complex physiological settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.