ArticleJournal of thoracic disease2026
Lung cancer incidence and risk factors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.
Article in Journal of thoracic disease, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) face a substantially elevated risk of developing lung cancer, significantly complicating their clinical management and prognosis. We therefore performed this study to investigate lung cancer incidence and risk factors in patients with COPD. Methods: Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2024. To estimate lung cancer incidence in COPD, we applied a random-effects model with log transformation of raw data. Risk factors were quantified through pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), also computed under a random-effects framework. Results: Twenty-six cohort studies involving 613,373 patients with COPD were selected for the meta-analysis. The incidence of lung cancer in patients with COPD was 6.0% (95% CI: 5.0-6.9; P<0.001). Moreover, older age (OR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.15-4.05; P=0.02), current smoking (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.42-2.00; P<0.001), and presence of emphysema (OR: 2.73; 95% CI: 2.02-3.69; P<0.001) were associated with increased risk of lung cancer in COPD patients. Subgroup analyses showed that the incidence of lung cancer in COPD patients was higher in retrospective cohort studies, studies conducted in Asia, those with sample sizes <5,000, follow-ups <5.0 years, and studies with low quality. Conclusions: This study identified the incidence and risk factors for lung cancer in patients with COPD. Regular screening is recommended for high-risk populations with COPD to improve patient outcomes.
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