ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
Homeostatic coupling of cortical and brainstem delta rhythms in sleeping infant rats.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The emergence of the cortical delta rhythm (1-4 Hz) during quiet sleep (QS) is a major milestone in brain development. In rats, this milestone is achieved between 8 and 12 days of postnatal (P) age. We previously reported an age-dependent increase in PZ delta-rhythmic activity that is synchronized with cortical delta and entrained by breathing. Here, we ask whether this long-distance synchrony persists in response to perturbations to sleep homeostasis or respiration. First, using male and female P12 rats, we investigated the coupling strength between frontal cortex and PZ in response to a short but intense period of sleep deprivation. During recovery sleep, we observed a rebound in delta power in both PZ and cortex, even in the absence of increased QS duration, indicating that PZ and cortical delta power are equivalent markers of homeostatic sleep regulation. Analyses of phase-locking and lagged cross-correlation revealed persistent temporal coupling between the two rhythms such that cortical delta reliably lagged PZ delta regardless of changes in sleep pressure. Curiously, we also observed an increase in breathing depth during recovery sleep, which we confirmed in a separate cohort of pups. Next, using mild hypercapnia (5% CO
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