ArticleInnovation in aging2026
Cognitive dispersion in established adulthood: etiology and implications for cognitive aging.
Article in Innovation in aging, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cognitive dispersion, reflecting intraindividual variability across tasks, may signal dementia risk in older adults, but its origins and relevance before midlife are unclear. We examined dispersion as a potential marker of cognitive reserve in established adulthood and distinguished it from general ability using heritability analyses. Research Design and Methods: 1,245 primarily non-Hispanic White twins and siblings were assessed at 33.3 years (SD = 5.0; 53% female) using 2 cognitive batteries. Bayesian mixed effects location scale models estimated mean performance and dispersion across cognitive tasks, with tasks standardized against current sample-based norms (age 33) and adolescent norms (age 16). The mean of task scores standardized to current norms reflects current ability, while the mean of the same scores standardized to adolescent norms reflects growth in ability. The respective dispersion estimates represent task-specific deviations from general ability and task-specific gains. Results: Across 4 models fitted by battery and standardization, greater cognitive dispersion was associated with higher general ability ( Discussion and Implications: Before midlife, cognitive dispersion is distinct from general ability and moderately heritable. Dispersion is associated with higher cognitive ability and growth, but not directly with educational or occupational attainment, suggesting dispersion may relate to cognitive reserve through other pathways.
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