ArticleiScience2026
Powerful or non-powerful? Revisiting hallucal grasping as a key evolutionary innovation in small arboreal mammals.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Powerful hallucal grasping is considered a key primate innovation, yet many arboreal mammals show convergent pedal grasping. We hypothesized that hallucal grasping represents a functional continuum beyond the dichotomy of powerful versus non-powerful grasping. Using diceCT to analyze intrinsic hallucal muscle architecture and automated quantification of the entocuneiform-first metatarsal joint (EFMJ) range of motion, we modeled muscle moment arms in 13 small arboreal mammals (primates, scandentians, rodents, and marsupials). All taxa feature a saddle-shaped EFMJ but differ in kinematical emphasis: primates and marsupials favor flexion-extension through facet torsion, enlarged peroneal processes or tilted articulation surfaces, whereas scandentians and rodents prioritize abduction-adduction. Strepsirrhine primates and marsupials possess enlarged flexors and strong adductors enabling sustained torque, while scandentians and rodents are characterized by low anatomical cross-sectional area muscles. Moment-arm analyses reveal torque optimization at different poses, highlighting a spectrum of morphofunctional grasping strategies rather than a single evolutionary pathway.
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