ArticlePeerJ2026
Integrative analysis of blood biochemistry and sperm metabolome profiles reveals metabolic determinants of cryotolerance in Bali bulls under standardized nutritional conditions.
Article in PeerJ, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Age-related differences in sperm chromatin packaging and protein profiles based on SDS-PAGE in Bali bulls (Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Enhancing the nation's beef supply and guaranteeing long-term food security require increasing the effectiveness of artificial insemination (AI) in Bali cattle ( Methods: Ten healthy breeding bulls at the regional artificial insemination center (RAIC) were maintained on a uniform forage-concentrate diet. Blood biochemical parameters were measured using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma. For metabolomics, washed sperm pellets were prepared from frozen-thawed semen straws and profiled using untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariate analyses (hierarchical clustering, K-means, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores) summarized the global patterns. Spearman correlations were used to integrate blood indices, sperm metabolites, and post-thaw traits (motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (%PMI), and morphological abnormalities). Results: Eighteen intracellular metabolites were identified, predominated by fatty acyls. Unsupervised clustering and PLS-DA revealed clear inter-individual separation, with palmitic and stearic acids being among the most discriminant features (VIP ≥ 1.0). Systemic markers of lipid carriage and ionic tone aligned with sperm lipid composition: albumin and potassium were associated with higher intracellular palmitate levels and related metabolites. Functionally, lipid and short-chain fatty acid features, 1-monopalmitin, nonadecanoic acid, caproic acid, and valeric acid, were positively associated with viability and/or PMI%, whereas dodecanoic acid and glycerol monostearate were inversely related to morphological abnormalities. However, no robust association was detected with motility. Discussion: Under a controlled dietary baseline, a lipid-centric blood-to-sperm metabolic axis emerges as a key determinant of cryotolerance in
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