ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
On-site medical interventions for spectators at venues during major international sporting tournaments: a prospective comparative study of four single-sport and multi-sport tournaments.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Major sporting tournaments (MSTs) are complex mass-gathering events that place demands on local medical services. Although single-sport (SS-MSTs) and multi-sport tournaments (MS-MSTs) share core planning principles, differences in event structure may influence medical service utilization. Objective: This study compared on-site medical utilization, and hospital transport rates across SS-MSTs and MS-MSTs, emphasizing evidence-based insights to guide scalable and effective medical staffing. Methods: A prospective analysis was performed using daily reported medical data from four MSTs: UEFA EURO 2012, EHF EURO 2016 (SS-MSTs), The World Games 2017 and the European Games 2023 (MS-MSTs). Patient presentations (PPs), transports to hospital (TTHs), and medical-event-to-transport-to-hospital rates (METH) were analyzed. PP-rates (PPRs) and TTH-rates (TTHRs) were calculated per 10,000 attendees. Comparisons were conducted between tournaments and tournament types. Results: Across 2,188,497 spectators, 1,539 PPs and 135 TTHs were recorded. Spectator PPRs were higher at SS-MSTs than at MS-MSTs (5.71 vs. 3.97), while TTHRs (0.42 vs. 0.48) and METH (6.09 vs. 10.08) were similar. Fewer than 10% of on-site presentations required hospital transport. SS-MSTs exhibited higher spectator medical demand per event, whereas MS-MSTs showed more distributed demand across multiple venues. Conclusion: This comparative, multi-event analysis provides evidence-based insights to inform scalable and effective medical staffing at major sporting tournaments. The findings demonstrate higher per-event utillization at SS-MSTs and distributed service requirements at MS-MSTs, offering practical guidance for optimizing resource allocation and medical planning strategies.
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