ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Virtual reality-based inhibition training influences food-related responses: no additional effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Combining cognitive inhibition training with brain stimulation techniques has received increasing attention as a potential approach to modulating maladaptive food craving and food intake. Building on previous work in this line of research, the current study examined whether virtual reality (VR)-based no-go inhibition training paired with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) modulates implicit food-related attitudes, craving and food-choice behaviors. Healthy women with high trait food cravings and a preference for high-calorie foods were assigned to one of four groups in a 2 (rTMS: active vs. sham) × 2 (training: no-go vs. neutral) between-subjects design. High-frequency rTMS was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and no-go training was implemented in a VR environment using food stimuli tailored to participants' self-reported preferences. Implicit attitudes and food craving were assessed before and after the intervention, while food choice was measured post-intervention only. Following training, the no-go group showed reduced positive implicit attitudes toward high-calorie foods and increased craving for low-calorie foods compared to pre-training levels, whereas no such changes were observed in the neutral group. Moreover, compared to the neutral group, the no-go group made healthier food choices. No-go training effects on food choice were more pronounced among individuals with low-to-moderate baseline preferences for high-calorie foods. In contrast, no significant main effects or additive effects of rTMS were observed. The present study demonstrates that VR-based no-go training can effectively regulate food-related responses and extends earlier work by demonstrating robust inhibition training effects across implicit and explicit measures, while highlighting the importance of considering individual differences in future research.
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