ArticleKidney medicine2026
Cross-sectional Associations of Serum Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride with Cognition in Patients on Hemodialysis: The Osaka Dialysis Complication Study (ODCS).
Article in Kidney medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rationale & Objectives: Cognitive function is impaired in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly in those undergoing hemodialysis, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. This cross-sectional study examined the possible relationship between serum electrolyte levels and cognitive function in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings & Participants: Eligible patients were selected from the participants of the Osaka Dialysis Complication Study, a multicenter study conducted in Japan. Exposures: Serum sodium, potassium, and chloride levels. Outcomes: Cognitive function assessed by the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS) which was mathematically transformed to 3MS' to follow a normal distribution. Analytical Approach: Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis. Results: For this study, 1,207 patients were selected. Their median age, 3MS score, serum sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were 67 (IQR, 60-74) years, 91 (IQR, 82-97) points, 139 (IQR, 137-141) mEq/L, 4.7 (IQR, 4.2-5.2) mEq/L, and 102 (IQR, 99-105) mEq/L, respectively. After adjustment, sodium ( Limitations: Causality cannot be determined because of the cross-sectional design. Conclusions: This study revealed that serum chloride level was a novel factor independently associated with cognitive performance in patients on maintenance hemodialysis, suggesting an unrecognized role of chloride in cognition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.