Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42179342›Full record

ReviewJournal of medical entomology2026

The changing landscape of bluetongue in northern Europe.

Marion England, Thomas Balenghien, Carrie Batten, Emmanuel Bréard, Ilse De Leeuw, Nick De Regge, Maxime Duhayon, Claire Garros, Pachka Hammami, Melle Holwerda and 6 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of medical entomology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Marion EnglandThe Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2224-9555
Thomas BalenghienCIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
Carrie BattenThe Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
Emmanuel BréardUMR1161 Virologie, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Ilse De LeeuwNational Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Service of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
Nick De ReggeNational Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Service of Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
Maxime DuhayonCIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
Claire GarrosCIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
Pachka HammamiCIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
Melle HolwerdaWageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Department of Virology, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
Archie MurchieSustainable Agri-Food Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.
Christopher SandersThe Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
Mathilde UiterwijkCentre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive Plants and Plant Health, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5707-1385
René van den BromRoyal GD, Deventer, The Netherlands.
Eva VeronesiInstitute Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Mendrisio, Switzerland.
Simon GubbinsThe Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.

Funding

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs C17508Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA)Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature WOT-01-002-041French Ministry of Agriculture, Agri-Food and Food Sovereignty and the General Directorate for Food (DGLA)Provision of National Reference Laboratory, Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Response Function for Vesicular and Non-Vesicular Disease 714003244Provision of National Reference Laboratory, Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Response Function for Vesicular and Non-Vesicular Disease 714003267Provision of National Reference Laboratory, Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Response Function for Vesicular and Non-Vesicular Disease CH-3003UK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBS/E/PI/230001BUK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBS/E/PI/230002BUK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBS/E/PI230002CUK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBS/E/PI/23NB0003UK Research and Innovation Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BBS/E/PI/23NB0004
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Bluetongue was historically a disease of the tropics and subtropics, but over the past 20 yr has emerged in temperate regions such as northern Europe. Multiple serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have been introduced into northern Europe, with some becoming enzootic, most notably 3, 4, and 8 in France. This review describes the step-change in the occurrence of bluetongue across northern Europe with a focus on changes since the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015. Five countries in northern Europe are specifically discussed-Belgium, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. These countries have all been significantly affected by the widespread outbreak of BTV-3, which emerged in 2023. Here, the latest data on case numbers, disease and Culicoides surveillance, and the current state of play for each country are presented. The latest research into vector competence, transmission studies, and advances in vaccination and vector control, relevant to northern Europe, are summarized. Finally, climate change and globalization are critically examined as reasons for the epidemiological changes in BTV occurrence across Europe.

Indexed as

BluetongueBluetongue virusCeratopogonidaeInsect VectorsAnimalsClimate ChangeEuropeBluetongueclimate changeCulicoidesEuropeglobalization

Identifiers

PMID42179342
PMCPMC13200000

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.