Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42179047›Full record

SynthesisGlobal health, epidemiology and genomics2026

Effectiveness of Mouthwash, Rinses, Salt Water, and Toothpastes on the Oral Health of Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review: Pregnancy and Oral Health.

Muhammad Mohsin Javaid, Mariyum Sarfraz, Khola Noreen, Ume Habiba Johar, Muhammad Mutahir Mehdi, Najam Ul Hassan, Shumaila Zofeen, Shazia Iqbal, Shahzad Ahmad, Muhammad Farooq Umer

Erratum issuedAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Global health, epidemiology and genomics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Muhammad Mohsin JavaidSchool of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan, hsa.edu.pk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2130-5156
Mariyum SarfrazSchool of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan, hsa.edu.pk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0817-4879
Khola NoreenDepartment of Community Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-0698
Ume Habiba JoharSchool of Public Health, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan, hsa.edu.pk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9257-9050
Muhammad Mutahir MehdiDepartment of Oral Biology, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan, Pakistan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-8975
Najam Ul HassanDepartment of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan, szabmu.edu.pk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6345-968X
Shumaila ZofeenSchool of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, xjtu.edu.cn.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3190-7548
Shazia IqbalFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK, upm.edu.my.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-5864
Shahzad AhmadFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK, upm.edu.my.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3953-593X
Muhammad Farooq UmerDepartment of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Hofuf, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, kfu.edu.sa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-1929

Funding

University of Buckingham
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionPregnancy is linked to hormonal fluctuations, making pregnant women more susceptible to gingival and periodontal diseases. Hence, oral hygiene interventions, such as mouthwashes and toothpastes, play a crucial role in maintaining oral hygiene among women. However, the interventions used should be effective as well as safe to use. Hence, this systematic review assesses the effectiveness of various oral hygiene interventions, which include mouthwashes, saltwater rinses, and toothpastes, on the oral health of pregnant women.

methodsA detailed literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, including studies published in the last 6 years. Only randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and systematic reviews relevant to the objective of this study were included. The quality assessment of the included studies was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. According to this tool, all the selected studies had moderate-to-high quality.

resultsThe three studies were finally selected that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria based on the PRISMA flowchart. Alcohol-free mouthwashes including fluorides, antibacterial toothpastes, and saltwater rinses were found to improve gingival health and decrease plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Some additional agents were found to be as effective as chlorhexidine during pregnancy.

conclusionOral hygiene interventions based on saltwater rinses, fluoridated mouthwashes, and toothpastes improve oral health in pregnant women. These agents are effective and easily available for better oral hygiene during pregnancy and better pregnancy outcomes.

Indexed as

MouthwashesOral HealthOral HygieneToothpastesFemaleHumansPeriodontal DiseasesPregnancyMouthwashesToothpastesmouthwashoral healthpregnancysaltwater rinsetoothpaste

Identifiers

PMID42179047
PMCPMC13199912

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.