Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42178563›Full record

ArticleInjury epidemiology2026

Prevalence, correlates, and patterns of leaving firearms unattended in vehicles among US firearm owners.

Alexander Testa, Jennifer Thompson, Chelsea Carriker, Dylan Jackson, Daniel Semenza, Jack Tsai

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Injury epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Firearm Thefts from Vehicles in the United States: Results from a National Survey of Firearm Owners.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Alexander TestaDepartment of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. alexander.testa@uth.tmc.edu.
Jennifer ThompsonDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Chelsea CarrikerDepartment of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
Dylan JacksonDepartment of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Daniel SemenzaDepartment of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ, USA.
Jack TsaiDepartment of Management, Policy and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEach year, hundreds of thousands of firearms are stolen, and vehicles are the leading source of firearm thefts in the United States. A precursor to these events is leaving a firearm in a vehicle unattended. Yet, the correlates and patterns of leaving firearms unattended in vehicles remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, correlates, and patterns of leaving firearms unattended in vehicles among US firearm owners.

methodsUsing a cross-sectional survey of firearm-owning adults administered online by YouGov in February-March 2026 (n = 1,856), ordinal logistic regression examined correlates of leaving firearms in unattended vehicles, including sociodemographic, perceptions of safety, strength of state firearm policies, and geographic factors. Among those reporting vehicle firearm storage (n = 468), firearm type, storage location, and reasons for leaving firearms in vehicles were descriptively examined.

resultsOverall, 73.2% of respondents reported never leaving a firearm in a vehicle unattended, 14.7% reported rarely, 5.7% reported sometimes, 3.2% reported most of the time, and 3.2% reported always. Male sex (v. female) (aOR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06), non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (v. non-Hispanic White) (aOR = 2.06; 95% CI, 1.17-3.61), prior firearm theft (v. no prior firearm theft) (aOR = 2.54; 95% CI, 1.60-4.03), higher perception of fear of being shot (aOR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.15), higher perceived likelihood of defensive gun use (1.08, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.14), conservative ideology (v. very liberal) (aOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.34, 4.52), and rural residence (v. metropolitan) (aOR = 2.21; 95% CI, 1.49-3.26) were associated with higher odds of leaving firearms in a vehicle more frequently. Among respondents who reported leaving firearms in vehicles unattended, handguns were the most common type of firearm left in vehicles (74.5%). Respondents most commonly reported leaving a firearm in the center console (24.6%) or the glovebox (16.7%); 19.7% used a designed for firearm storage. Top reasons for storing in a vehicle included legal carry restrictions, wanting a firearm nearby, and convenience.

conclusionsFuture research, intervention development, and testing are needed to reduce the leaving of firearms in vehicles unattended.

Indexed as

FirearmsFirearm storageFirearm theftPublic SafetyVehicles

Identifiers

PMID42178563
PMCPMC13214366

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.