ArticlePsychological medicine2026
Patterns of subjective well-being and psychopathology trajectories in adolescence: a population-based cohort study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMental health encompasses subjective well-being (SWB) as well as psychopathology (PP). SWB and PP are related but separate domains: some individuals experience high SWB despite high PP, and others experience low SWB despite minimal PP. Given substantial and heterogeneous developmental changes in both domains during adolescence, examining their co-developmental trajectories may clarify how they integrate across this period.
methodsUsing data from the Tokyo Teen Cohort (
resultsWe identified four distinct classes: high SWB-low PP (55.0%), high SWB-mid PP (20.2%), low SWB-mid PP (17.0%), and mid SWB-high PP (7.7%). SWB declined from ages 10 to 16 years across all four classes. Lower PP did not necessarily correspond to higher SWB, and in some pairs of classes, the relationship between SWB and PP levels was reversed. When comparing the two classes with moderate PP, higher aspirations, more prosocial behavior, and better interpersonal relationships were associated with the high SWB class. In contrast, being female and having a higher household income were associated with the low SWB class.
conclusionsDiscrepant SWB-PP trajectories suggest characteristic patterns of developmental integration between these domains during adolescence. Considering their interplay may complement domain-specific approaches and inform psychosocial supports aimed at maintaining SWB even in the presence of PP.
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