ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory tract infection during and after the COVID-19 period in Ningbo, China: a retrospective single-center study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Clinical characteristics, co-detection patterns and prognostic risk factors of human metapneumovirus infection in children: a retrospective study.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to investigate the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory pathogens among hospitalized children in Ningbo between the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020-2022) and the post-pandemic period (2023-2024), to provide scientific data for formulating effective prevention and control strategies for respiratory infections.
methodsA total of 59,526 pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infections at the Ningbo University Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2024 were enrolled. Throat swab samples were collected, and 11 respiratory pathogens were detected using multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) combined with capillary electrophoresis. The distribution of respiratory pathogens was analyzed across different genders, age groups, and seasons.
resultsAmong the enrolled children, human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most frequently detected pathogen (17.69%), followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp, 17.45%) and human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV, 8.46%). Joinpoint analysis revealed four significant turning points in monthly pathogen positivity rates in April 2020, September 2020, January 2023, and October 2023. The average pathogen positivity rate increased from 49.06% during the pandemic to 69.13% in the post-pandemic period. Specifically, the positivity rates of influenza A (FluA), influenza B (FluB), human adenovirus (HAdV), and Mp increased, while those of human bocavirus (HBoV), HRV, and HRSV decreased. No significant changes were observed for human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Chlamydia (Ch), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human coronavirus (HCoV). The positivity rate was consistently higher in males than in females throughout the study period (P < 0.05). The Mp positivity rate increased with age (χ²=6291.100, P < 0.001), whereas the HRSV positivity rate decreased with age (χ²=2377.650, P < 0.001). Seasonal increases in detection were observed: Mp positivity rates increased markedly from April 2023, peaking at 50%; FluA detection increased from March to May 2023 and October 2023 to May 2024; FluB circulated from November 2023 to April 2024; and a HAdV surge began in May 2024. The rate of mixed infections increased from 5.76% to 13.69%.
conclusionSignificant shifts in the detection patterns of respiratory pathogens occurred in the post-pandemic period compared to the pandemic period, marked by increased overall pathogen positivity rates among hospitalized children and mixed infection rates. Successive increases in the positivity rates of FluA, FluB, Mp, and HAdV were identified after the pandemic. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.