Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42177362›Full record

ArticleWorld journal of urology2026

Equine-related injuries in rural Oklahoma: a 10-year experience emphasizing genitourinary trauma.

James Charles, Vsevolod Shurkhay, Jianqiang Huo, Elvis Tamo, Manoj Jagadeesh, Alex Obermark, Nicholas Hollman, Zhamak Khorgami, Michael Charles

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
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Article in World journal of urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

James CharlesDepartment of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Vsevolod ShurkhayThe Neuroscience and Trauma Institute, Ascension St John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA. vsevolod.shurkhay@ascension.org.
Jianqiang HuoThe Neuroscience and Trauma Institute, Ascension St John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Elvis TamoThe Neuroscience and Trauma Institute, Ascension St John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Manoj JagadeeshDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Alex ObermarkDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Nicholas HollmanOffice for Research Development and Scholarly Activity, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Zhamak KhorgamiDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA.
Michael CharlesThe Neuroscience and Trauma Institute, Ascension St John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeEquine-related injuries are a significant yet under-researched cause of trauma in rural areas, particularly in high-equine-density states like Oklahoma. This study describes patterns, severity, and outcomes of equine-related injuries over a 10-year period at a Level II trauma center, with emphasis on genitourinary (GU) trauma.

methodsThis retrospective cohort study included all patients admitted with equine-related injuries from May 2015 to December 2025 (n = 259). Data were abstracted from the trauma registry, including demographics, injury mechanisms, anatomic locations (with GU injuries consolidated as kidney, ureter, bladder, penis, and scrotum), Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Severe injuries were defined as ISS > 15. Only descriptive statistics are reported.

resultsThe mean age was 48.0 years (SD 17.5); 56.0% were male. Mean ISS was 9.1 (SD 6.0), with 12.4% of cases classified as severe (ISS > 15). The most common mechanisms were falls from a horse (44.8%) and being struck by a horse (32.8%). Predominant injury locations included brain/craniofacial (35.5%), chest (28.2%), and spinal (25.1%). Genitourinary injuries occurred in 9.3% of all cases and were more frequent among patients with severe trauma. Kidney injuries specifically accounted for 3.1% overall. Median hospital LOS was 2.0 days (IQR 3.0) overall and longer among severe cases. In-hospital mortality was 1.5% (4 cases), all attributable to traumatic brain injury.

conclusionsIn rural Oklahoma, equine-related trauma commonly involves head and torso injuries. Genitourinary injuries represent an under-recognized but clinically relevant subset, particularly in severe cases. These findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies in high-equine-density rural communities, including mandatory helmet use and education regarding risks of direct horse contact.

Indexed as

Urogenital SystemAdultAgedAnimalsFemaleHorsesHumansInjury Severity ScoreMaleMiddle AgedOklahomaRetrospective StudiesTime FactorsEquine-related injuriesGenitourinary traumaHorseback ridingInjury preventionOklahoma rural

Identifiers

PMID42177362
PMCPMC13198469

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.