ArticlePest management science2026
Enhanced herbicide efficacy using charcoal-based nano formulations to control Abutilon theophrasti and shattercane-mimic Sorghum bicolor.
Article in Pest management science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAdvanced formulation and delivery systems are needed to maintain efficient adhesion, minimize runoff and reduce herbicide volume. Nanoparticle herbicide formulation is an exciting approach with the potential to reduce application rates, minimize soil residues, and precisely penetrate to the weed's cuticle. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of commercial and nano-carrier-based formulations of glyphosate and glufosinate to control Abutilon theophrasti and shattercane-mimic Sorghum bicolor.
resultsResults suggest that the nano formulations (0.5× and 1×) of both herbicides showed two to four times greater leaf injury in A. theophrasti and S. bicolor over their commercial formulations. This may be attributed to two mechanisms: (a) reduced particle size and increased surface area created by ball milling resulted in better adhesion, and (b) active charcoal may assist in molecules adsorption, prolonging uptake through epidermal tissue. Ball-milled charcoal-herbicide formulations resulted in 60% greater leaf injury relative to non-milled formulations (5%). At 3 weeks after treatment, 0.5× nano-glyphosate showed 50-60% leaf injury in S. bicolor, representing a two-fold increase over commercial formulations. A. theophrasti exhibited greater tolerance across treatments, but injury increased notably with 1× nano-glufosinate and nano-glyphosate treatments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enhanced epidermal disruption and cellular collapse in nano treatments compared to commercial formulations.
conclusionCharcoal-based nano formulations enhanced the efficacy of glyphosate and glufosinate at reduced application rates through increased foliar adhesion and penetration. These results show the potential of nano-formulated herbicides as an environmentally sustainable approach for modern weed management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.