ArticleBMC psychiatry2026
Prevalence and attributable risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms among secondary school students: the role of maternal mental health and other risk factors.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDepressive and anxiety symptoms among secondary school students have become significant public health concerns; however, comprehensive studies examining their prevalences and associated factors (particularly regarding the influence of maternal mental health) are limited.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 7850 secondary school students. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Perceived Social Support Scale questionnaires were used to assess depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and social support, respectively.
resultsThe self-reported prevalences of depressive and anxiety symptoms were observed to be 11.6% and 18.1%, respectively, among secondary school students. Multivariable analysis revealed significant risk factors, including female sex, suburban region, and maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms (all P < 0.001), along with parental discord, academic stress, insufficient physical activity, excessive screen time, and moderate household income (all P < 0.05). Population attributable risk (PAR) analysis revealed that academic pressure accounted for the greatest contribution to both depressive (PAR%=34.5%, 95% CI: 23.6-47.8%) and anxiety symptoms (PAR%=45.8%, 95% CI: 36.3-58.1%). Suburban residence (33.2% for depression, 45.0% for anxiety), insufficient physical activity (26.0% for depression), and excessive screen time (25.4% for depression, 21.0% for anxiety) were substantial contributors. Maternal anxiety symptoms explained 20.4% (95% CI: 15.7-25.7%) of the prevalence of depressive symptoms and 23.4% (95% CI: 18.8-28.6%) of the prevalence of anxiety, whereas maternal depressive symptoms contributed 12.9% (95% CI: 8.7-18.8%) to student depression despite demonstrating the strongest individual-level association (aOR = 5.497). Social support demonstrated a protective effect against both conditions (P < 0.05).
conclusionThe findings highlight the considerable prevalences of depressive and anxiety symptoms among secondary school students and underscore the significant role of maternal mental health and other modifiable risk factors. CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.
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