Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42174432›Full record

Observational studyBMC nephrology2026

Staphylococcus aureus carriage among hemodialysis outpatients: risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization.

Agnė Kirkliauskienė, Monika Vitkauskaitė, Karolina Vankevičienė, Maksim Bratchikov, Marius Miglinas, Laurynas Rimševičius

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Agnė KirkliauskienėDepartment of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 03101, Lithuania.
Monika VitkauskaitėFaculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio str. 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania. vitkausk.monika@gmail.com.
Karolina VankevičienėFaculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio str. 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania.
Maksim BratchikovDepartment of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, 03101, Lithuania.
Marius MiglinasFaculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio str. 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania.
Laurynas RimševičiusFaculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio str. 21, Vilnius, LT-03101, Lithuania.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) carriage is prevalent among hemodialysis outpatients and may be associated with frequent healthcare contact and vascular access use. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus carriage, factors associated with carriage, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and selected resistance and virulence genes among hemodialysis outpatients.

methodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 2018-2021. Eighty-one hemodialysis outpatients and 81 age-matched adults without kidney disease were included. S. aureus isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST criteria. Multiplex real-time PCR was used for the detection of resistance genes (ermA, ermC, mecA, tetM, tetK) and the lukF-PV associated virulence gene. Factors associated with carriage were assessed using structured interviews and electronic medical records. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, and continuous variables using Mann-Whitney U-test. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Significance level - p < 0.05.

resultsEighty-one hemodialysis outpatients (39.5% female; mean age 62.0 years) were enrolled. S. aureus carriage was detected in 38.3% and was significantly higher than in controls (p = 0.041). In univariable analyses, S. aureus carriage was associated with hemodialysis access type, dialysis vintage, recent hospitalization, antimicrobial use, gastroesophageal reflux disease, atrial fibrillation, anemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (all p < 0.05). In exploratory multivariable analysis, only atrial fibrillation remained associated with carriage. Resistance to penicillin was observed in 69.7% of isolates, tetracycline in 6.1%, and erythromycin/clindamycin in 3.0%. No methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates were detected; pvl was detected in 1/33 (3.0%) hemodialysis isolates and in 3/52 (5.8%) isolates overall.

conclusionsCompared to healthy controls, hemodialysis patients were more frequently colonized with S. aureus. The observed resistance and virulence profiles provide local epidemiological data from Lithuania. The selected resistance and virulence gene profiles provide descriptive molecular data but do not allow conclusions regarding lineages or transmission patterns.

Indexed as

Carrier StateRenal DialysisStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusAgedAnti-Bacterial AgentsCross-Sectional StudiesDrug Resistance, BacterialFemaleHumansMaleMicrobial Sensitivity TestsMiddle AgedOutpatientsPrevalenceRisk FactorsAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntimicrobial resistanceChronic kidney diseaseHemodialysisMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusMolecular gene detectionMupirocin susceptibilityPanton-Valentine leucocidinStaphylococcus aureus colonization

Identifiers

PMID42174432
PMCPMC13374175

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.