Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42173827›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit distinct pharyngeal mucosal B cell responses in children.

Qin Xu, Lihong Shi, Center for Human Immunology, Can Liu, Juraj Kabat, Hengameh Behzadpour, Lela Kardava, Tovah E Markowitz, Margery Smelkinson, Kenneth B Hoehn and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Qin XuCell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-3108
Lihong ShiCell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-2065
Center for Human Immunology
Can LiuDepartment of Immunobiology; Yale Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8411-3891
Juraj KabatBiological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Hengameh BehzadpourDivision of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0050-8336
Lela KardavaB-Cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-6026
Tovah E MarkowitzIntegrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Margery SmelkinsonBiological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-5574
Kenneth B HoehnDepartment of Biomedical Data Science and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
Clarisa M BucknerB-Cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Dominic P GolecCell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Lorenza BellusciDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Gabrielle GrubbsDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Sara PourhashemiDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Juanjie TangDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Asya KhleborodovaIntegrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Martha KirbyNational Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7157-7964
Rachel SparksLaboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-5084
Andrew J MartinsDepartment of Immunobiology; Yale Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
John S TsangDepartment of Immunobiology; Yale Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3186-3047
Susan MoirB-Cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0163-6911
Surender KhuranaDivision of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0593-7965
Pamela MuddDivision of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Pamela L SchwartzbergCell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. pamela.schwartzberg@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-9187
Kalpana ManthiramCell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. kalpana.manthiram@nih.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6451-8173

Funding

Computational mapping of human B cell migration and differentiation pathwaysR00AI159302 · NIAID · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI HOEHN, KENNETH · 2023 to 2024
$498k
NIAID NIH HHS R00 AI159302
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mucosal immunity is an important correlate of protection against respiratory infections such as SARS-CoV-2. Comparing B cell responses to vaccines and infection at relevant mucosal sites may provide unique and important insights into tissue immunity. Here, we characterize antigen-specific B cells in the tonsils, adenoids, and peripheral blood of children who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. SARS-CoV-2-specific switched memory B cells (B

Indexed as

B-LymphocytesCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesImmunity, MucosalPharynxSARS-CoV-2AdenoidsAntibodies, ViralChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansImmunoglobulin AImmunologic MemoryMaleMemory B CellsAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin AReceptors, CXCR3

Identifiers

PMID42173827
PMCPMC13388998

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.