Carbon reduction multidimensional ternary model for robotic 3D printing prefabricated construction across hotels star levels.

This study evaluates the carbon emission reduction potential of industrialized construction technologies-specifically robotic 3D printing and prefabrication-in lower-star hotels in Hangzhou, China, from 2018 to 2023. A multidimensional ternary spatiotemporal model is developed to quantify the interactions among temporal, spatial, and hotel classification dimensions, enabling a systematic comparison between conventional construction (CC) and prefabricated construction (PC). The results show that prefabricated construction consistently reduces embodied carbon emissions across hotel categories, with the most significant reduction observed in 2-star and 3-star hotels, where carbon emissions can be reduced by approximately 20-35% compared to conventional methods. The findings further indicate that carbon reduction effectiveness varies by hotel classification and spatial distribution, with lower-star hotels benefiting more from standardized modular construction, while high-star hotels exhibit relatively lower reduction efficiency due to structural complexity. Spatiotemporal analysis also reveals heterogeneous decoupling patterns across districts, suggesting that carbon-economic relationships are strongly influenced by regional development conditions and construction intensity. This study advances the integration of carbon accounting and construction technology assessment by providing a quantitative and scalable framework for evaluating embodied carbon reduction in the hospitality sector. The findings offer robust evidence to support targeted low-carbon construction strategies and contribute to carbon-economic decoupling pathways in resource-constrained urban environments, aligning with the scope of carbon balance and management.