Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42171816›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie2026

Reliability of the split tibialis anterior muscle flap for tibial shaft coverage: a cadaveric injection study.

Surasak Jitprapaikulsarn, Jirachart Kraisarin, Theerachai Apivatthakakul, Pasin Lertvilai, Pasit Sengpanich, Arthit Gromprasit, Kittipop Sitti, Panachol Leangtanom

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Article in European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Surasak JitprapaikulsarnBuddhachinaraj Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Jirachart KraisarinDepartment of Orthopedics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. jirachart.kraisarin@cmu.ac.th.
Theerachai ApivatthakakulOrthopedic Center of Excellence, Department of Orthopedics, Bangkok Hospital Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Pasin LertvilaiBuddhachinaraj Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Pasit SengpanichBuddhachinaraj Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Arthit GromprasitBuddhachinaraj Hospital, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Kittipop SittiDepartment of Orthopedics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Panachol LeangtanomDepartment of Orthopedics, Chonburi Hospital, Chon Buri, Thailand.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe vascular perfusion of a split tibialis anterior muscle (TAM) flap has not been specifically investigated. This cadaveric study was performed to evaluate the anatomical reliability of a split TAM flap using thermographic assessment and contrast injection.

methodsFive paired fresh-frozen cadaveric lower-extremity specimens were included. A split TAM flap was elevated using a design of longitudinal lateral split with a medial muscular hinge. Flap dimensions were recorded. Heated water was injected through the popliteal artery, followed by thermographic assessment using a thermal imaging camera. Subsequently, contrast medium was injected, and the number of intramuscular perforators supplying the split flap was evaluated.

resultsThe mean flap dimension was 3 × 13.5 cm² (range, 2.5-4 × 12-15 cm²). Thermographic assessment demonstrated a mean temperature difference of 18.6 °C between pre- and post-injection measurements. Following contrast injection, a mean of 4 intramuscular perforators was identified within each split TAM flap (range, 3-5).

conclusionThe split tibialis anterior muscle flap demonstrates reliable vascular perfusion and represents a viable anatomical option for coverage of narrow anteromedial defects of the tibial shaft.

Indexed as

Muscle, SkeletalPlastic Surgery ProceduresSurgical FlapsTibiaTibial FracturesCadaverContrast MediaFemaleHumansMaleReproducibility of ResultsThermographyContrast MediaCadaveric studySplit tibialis anterior muscle flapTibialis anterior muscleTibial shaft defectVascular anatomy

Identifiers

PMID42171816

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.