Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42171536›Full record

ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2026

High sensitivity of the Bionote Anigen Rapid Rabies Antigen Test in detection of diverse rabies virus variants suggests utility for global rabies control.

Lillian A Orciari, Vaughn Wicker, Sarah Bonaparte, Pamela A Yager, Claire Hartloge, Kirk Silas, Melanie Seiders, Puja Patel, Annette Regec, Miguel Maldonado-Cedeño and 21 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

31 authors.

Lillian A OrciariCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Vaughn WickerCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Sarah BonaparteCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Pamela A YagerCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Claire HartlogeCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Kirk SilasPennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Laboratories, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.
Melanie SeidersPennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Laboratories, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.
Puja PatelPennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Laboratories, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.
Annette RegecPennsylvania Department of Health, Bureau of Laboratories, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA.
Miguel Maldonado-CedeñoPuerto Rico Public Health Laboratory, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
Ramon F Flores RamosPuerto Rico Public Health Laboratory, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
Sharon MessengerViral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA.
Ruth LopezViral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA.
Christopher PreasViral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA.
Alice PriceArizona State Public Health Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
Kimberlee B BeckmenAlaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
Kristin E CampbellDivision of Laboratories, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
Melanie GoffDivision of Laboratories, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois, USA.
Chris VogtDivision of Laboratories, Illinois Department of Public Health, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
Lisa WingerterNorth Dakota Department of Health and Human Services Laboratory, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA.
Kristie L SchwarzkopfNorth Dakota Department of Health and Human Services Laboratory, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA.
Yimer MulugetaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Dessalegn S FujagaEthiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Teresa FieldsDivision of Laboratory Services, Kentucky Department for Public Health, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA.
George DautuCentral Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia.
Pierre DiliusNational Rabies Surveillance Program, Port au Prince, Haiti.
Crystal GiganteCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Rene E CondoriCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Christina L HutsonCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Panayampalli S SatheshkumarCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Ryan M WallaceCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0057-574X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Point-of-care, immunochromatographic tests have not reliably detected the rabies virus and have not utilized a consistent diagnostic protocol. International diagnostic standards established by the World Organization for Animal Health require strategic and large-scale validation studies prior to widespread use. The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Rabies Reference Laboratory, undertook a large-scale validation of the BioNote Anigen Rapid Rabies Antigen Test in collaboration with eight US public health laboratories and three international laboratories. Modifications were made according to the manufacturer's instructions to maximize antigen concentration in the test diluent. A total of 1,399 samples underwent paired testing with one of three US gold standard tests, consisting of 31 types of animals and 9 rabies virus variants (RVVs). Test sensitivity and specificity were 97.11% (CI: 95.21%-98.27%) and 99.89% (CI: 99.36%-99.98%). Fourteen samples resulted in false-negative results, primarily impacting dogs that were euthanized early or shown to have a low viral load. Limit-of-detection studies found that false-negative results often occurred when the sample had a PCR Ct value

Indexed as

Antigens, ViralRabiesRabies virusAnimalsDogsHumansRapid Diagnostic TestsSensitivity and SpecificityUnited StatesAntigens, Viralantigen detectiondiagnosticsdiagnostic sensitivitydiagnostic specificitydiagnostic validationlateral flow assay (LFA)point-of-care testingrabiessurveillance

Identifiers

PMID42171536
PMCPMC13251392

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.